私はそのとき日本にいた。
私は今，日本にいます。
私はそのときからずっと日本にいます。
彼は先週いそがしかった。
彼は今，いそがしい。
彼は先週からずっといそがしい。
彼らは1985年に日本に住んでいた。
彼らは今，日本に住んでいる。
彼らは5年間ずっと日本に住んでいる。
私たちは3年前同じクラスでした。
私たちは今，同じクラスです。
私たちは3年間ずっと同じクラスです。
Mr. White has been in Hawaii since last month.
They have been in the room lor more than ten hours.
We have been good mends since then.
It has been cold since yesterday.
I have lived in Tokyo for ten years.
I have wanted to read the book since then.
My mother has been sick in bed for three days.
Have you been in this town since last year? / Yes, I have.
Have you been here since yesterday? / No, I haven’t.
Has Mike wanted to visit Kyoto? / Yes, he has.
Has he been SICK in bed since last week? / No, he hasn’t.
Have they lived in Japan for two years? / Yes, they have.
Has Jane been in the art club since last year? / No, she hasn’t.
Has your father used that dictionary for over twenty years? / Yes, he has.
How long have they lived in this town?
How long has she been sick in bed?
How long have you used this bicycle?
How long has the tree been there?
She has been in Tokyo for a year.
I have been busy since last week.
How long have you lived here?
I have lived here for ten years.
washed
washing
washed
wash
writing
wrote
written
write
did
done
doing
making
made
made
I have just cleaned my room.
I have just written a letter.
He has already washed the car.
The students have already learned the fifty English words.
Have you eaten lunch yet?
Has she cooked dinner yet?
I have not read the book yet.
I have already read the magazine.
Have you finished your homework yet?
I have not eaten lunch yet.
We have just come back from Hokkaido.
Has your father come home yet?
I have not finished writing a letter to Jane.
I have seen Mr. Brown three times.
I have read the book many times.
Have you ever heard about acid rain?
Have you ever used the computer?
I have never played tennis.
I have never seen a pand
have stayed
have been to
Have，ever read，haven’t
Have, ever visited, have
have never taken
has never been to
Has, ever climbed
Have you ever learned French?
She has been to America three times.
I have never used the computer.
I have never written a letter in English.
How many times have you been to Kyoto?
yet
yet
since
never
for
just
ever
since
継続
経験
完了
経験
完了
継続
完了
経験
継続
完了
継続
経験
経験
I haven’t done my homework yet.
My father has been in London since last week.
Have you ever visited the library? / No, I haven’t.
We have just cleaned the classroom.
He has been to the North Pole twice.
How long have you lived here? /1 have lived here since 1980.
Have you finished writing the report yet? / Yes, I have.
My mother has been sick in bed since last week.
I have never used the computer.
Have you finished reading the book yet? / No, I haven't.
How many times have you seen the movie?
私たちはきのうサッカーをしました。
私たちは3年間ずっとサッカーをしています。
私たちは3時間ずっとサッカーをしています。
彼は毎日数学を勉強します。
彼はそのとき数学を勉強していました。
彼は8時からずっと数学を勉強しています。
Those students have been listening to music for two hours.
My brother has been taking pictures in the park since this morning.
It has been snowing for three days.
My mother has been looking for the key since she came home.
The children haven't been sleeping for eight hours.
My brother hasn't been using the computer since this morning.
Have the soccer players been running for thirty minutes? / Yes, they have.
Has Ms. White been looking at the pictures for an hour? / Yes, she has.
Has Miho’s brother been making a cake in the kitchen? / No, he hasn’t.
Have Bill and his friends been enjoying talking since they had lunch? / No, they haven’t.
How long have they been practicing the guitar?
Where has Aki been playing with her cat?
What has Jack been doing since he finished having dinner?
Who has been helping Ms. Oka in the kitchen?
They have been looking for the dog since yesterday.
We have been watching TV for two hours.
My sister has been using her computer since this morning.
Have you been waiting for her here?
What have you been doing for a long time?
How long has it been raining?
It has been raining for a week.
swimming
playing
standing
sitting
watching
writing
あのかわいい赤ちゃんをごらんなさい。
あの泣いている赤ちゃんをごらんなさい
その背の高い女の子は私の姉[妹]です。
その歌っている女の子は私の姉[妹]です。
あの大きな犬は私のです。
あの走っている犬は私のです。
わたしはあの美しい女の人が好きだ。
私はあのほほえんでいる女の人が好きだ。
That running boy is my brother.
That boy running with a dog is my brother.
Look at that smiling girl.
Look at that girl smiling over there.
Do you know the crying boy?
Do you know the boy crying over there ?
The man talking with Mr. White is my father.
I know the girl playing tennis over there.
The girl sitting on the bench is my sister Keiko.
The boydrawing a picture over there often comes here.
The students playing soccer there are my classmates.
I don’t know the name of the girl dancing on the stage ?
Who is the man reading a newspaper ?
The boy playing the guitar over there is my friend.
I know the woman smiling at the gate.
The girl talking with Mike is my sister.
The man reading a newspaper over there comes here every day.
The baby sleeping in the bed is my brother.
used
painted
spoken
made
built
written
私はジェーンから長い手紙をもらった。
私はジェーンから英語で書かれた手紙をもらった。
彼は大きな車を持っている。
彼はアメリカ製の車を持っている。
これは美しい絵です。
これは私の母によってかかれた絵です。
あの家はとても大きい。
去年建てられたあの家はとても大きい。
This is a / cup.
This is a cup /
My brother bought a / car.
My brother has a camera /.
The book / was very interesting.
I am interested in English /.
The picture / was very beautiful.
They live in a house built 100 years ago.
Father gave me a book written in easy English.
I want a camera made in Japan.
This is a dictionary used by a lot of students.
speaking
spoken
made
making
taking
taken
painting
painted
read
reading
written
writing
sung
singing
(I got) a letter written in English.
(Do you know) that boy talking with Mr. White?
That girl singing over there (is my sister.)
The language spoken in Australia (is English.)
The woman playing tennis over there (is my mother.)
(This is) a desk made by my father.
(Look at) the cat sleeping on the chair.
(I know) that man running with a dog.
The people invited to the party (looked very happy.)
(Please show me) the [a] picture taken by your father.
(These are) books given (to) me by my aunt.
I bought a camera made in Japan.
Do you know the boy playing the guitar over there?
The woman smiling over there is my aunt.
The languages used in Canada are English and French.
The boys playing baseball in the park are my friends.
These are the letters written by my father.
Look at the girl sitting on the bench under the tree.
This is a present from my aunt.
Some students in my class can use a computer.
I have a lot of homework to do.
There are many places to visit in Kyoto.
I have a book written in English.
Do you know the man talking with Mike?
People living in the village were all kind.
A
B
A
A
B
B
B
A
B
A
B
私にはとても上手にギターをひく兄[弟]がいます。
メアリーにはニューヨークで働いているおじがいます。
きのうここに来たアメリカ人の少年は日本語を上手に話した。
ベンチに腰をかけている少女はルーシーです。
買い物を楽しんでいるあれらの女性たちはみな日本人です。
I have a friend who swims very last.
Lucy has a sister who sings very well.
I know an American woman who speaks Japanese very well.
Do you know the man who came here yesterday.
The boy who drew [painted] this picture is my classmate.
The teacher who taught us English last year is Mr. Tanak
The woman who told [showed] me the way to the station was very kind.
The children who are playing soccer over there will have a game next week.
That is the man. He helped me yesterday.
I have a brother. He plays the guitar very well.
I know the man. He is running over there.
The boy was very tall. He came here to see me yesterday.
The girl is my sister. She is singing over there.
I know those boys. They are playing soccer over there.
Mr.Sato has a son. He became a doctor.
I met an American woman. She spoke Japanese very well.
I have an American friend who speaks Japanese well.
I met a girl who had long hair.
A man who had a Dig bag spoke to me.
The boy who came here yesterday worked very hard.
I have an aunt who works for a bank in Tokyo.
Do you know that boy who is playing tennis over there?
The man who is standing over there is Mr. Smith.
The girl who is singing over there is very pretty.
I have a sister who likes cats very much.
The boy who is talking with Mike over there is Taro.
Do you know the man who came here yesterday?
The man who is reading a newspaper there is my uncle.
He has a daughter who became an English teacher.
The girl who had a big dream became a great artist.
私にはとても速く泳ぐ友だちがいます。
私はとても速く泳ぐ犬を飼っている。
向こうで歌っている女の子をごらんなさい。
向こうでさえずっている鳥をごらんなさい。
こちらは私に日本のことをたくさん教えてくれた方です。
これは私に日本のことをたくさん教えてくれた本です。
My sister has a bird which sings very well.
This is the bus which goes to Kyoto.
The dog which is running over there is mine.
The house which stands on the hill has a red root.
Mike has a camer It is better than mine.
Look at those cars. They are running very last.
This is the tram. It leaves here at ten.
The book was very interesting. It was written by him.
Do you know the library? It has a lot of books.
Is this a bus? It goes to Tokyo.
This is the house which was built last year.
I have a camera which was made in Japan.
The man who is talking with Mr. White is my father.
The bus which starts from here goes to Osak
I know an American woman who is interested in Japanese.
I have a book which tells us a lot about animals.
The computer which helps us a lot is very expensive.
These are cherry trees which were sent from Japan.
Those boys who are playing soccer over there are my friends.
The dictionary which was used by my mother is very useful.
I have a mend who is very good at tennis.
These are the pictures which were painted by Mike.
Mike has a camera which is larger than mine.
The woman who is standing at the gate is Mike’s mother.
The river which runs through this city is very beautiful.
I have a friend who plays the guitar well.
I have an aunt who lives in Hokkaido.
The man who is singing over there is my father.
I know an American man who can speak Japanese well.
Mike has a dog which swims very well.
These are the letters which were written by my mother.
彼は私がとてもよく知っている少年です。
私がきのう会った少女は長い髪をしていた。
私たちが助けたその年をとった女性はとても疲れているようでした。 That is the boy. I like him very much.
That is the boy. I like him very much.
The man spoke Japanese very well. I met him yesterday.
I know the man. You caught him there.
Taro is a kind boy. Everyone likes him.
The girl studied very hard. I taught her last year.
This is the boy who helped me yesterday.
This is the boy whom I helped yesterday.
I have a sister who likes cats very much.
I have a sister whom everyone likes very much.
The man who is running over there is my uncle.
The man whom you can see over there is my uncle.
He is a teacher who plays basketball very well.
He is a teacher whom we like very much.
He is a policeman who told me the way.
He is a policeman whom I asked the way.
The girl who can speak Japanese is from England.
The gm whom I’m going to see next Sunday is from England.
彼は私がきのう会った少年です。
これは私がきのう買ったカメラです。
私がそこで会った男の人はとても背が高かった。
私がそこで捕らえた魚はとても大きかった。
私は君が愛している人を知っている。
私は君が書いた本を読んだ。
This is the house which was built last year.
This is the house which I built last year.
I have a book which is written in easy English.
I have a book which my father wrote.
The camera which was made in Japan was very big.
The camera which Mike bought yesterday was very big.
She is a kind teacher whom everyone likes.
The letter which I got yesterday was written in English.
That is the woman whom I met at the station yesterday.,
The students which I taught last year studied very hard.
I am reading a book which my father gave me.
I have a sister who goes to college.
He is a kind boy whom everyone likes.
I got a letter which was written in English.
The girl who is reading a book over there is my sister.
The pictures which Mike took in Kyoto are very beautiful.
The boy whom I met yesterday spoke English very well.
This is the library which is used by a lot of people.
山田さんには一郎という名前の息子がいます。
父親が英語の教師をしているその少女は英語を上手に話します。
かべの白いあの建物は18世紀に建てられました。
This letter was written by a boy whose name was Kenji.
I have a cat whose name is Taro.
I have two brothers whose names are Taro and Kenji.
The mountain whose top is covered with snow is very beautiful.
Look at the girl whose hair is long.
An elephant is an animal whose nose is long.
I have a friend whose father is a policeman.
I know the woman whose hair is long.
That house whose roof is blue is my uncle’s.
Would you show me that watch whose belt is made of leather?
× 接続詞のthat（that以下の節をひとまとめにする働き）
○ 関係代名詞のthat
× あの（指示代名詞）
× 接続詞のthat（that以下の節をひとまとめにする働き）
○ 関係代名詞のthat
○ 関係代名詞のthat
whom
which
whose
which
who
whom
who
which
whose
which
whose
whom
whose
which
who
who
I am reading a book (which) my father gave me yesterday.
The boy whose name was Taro spoke English very well.
Do you know the man who is reading a newspaper over there?
The fish (,which) I caught yesterday was very big.
The man (,whom) you can see over there is our new teacher.
He is the boy who told [showed] me the way to the station.
This morning I got a letter which was written in English.
The woman (whom) I met there was very kind to me.
Is this the book which is read by young people now?
The cities (which) I visited in the country were clean.
私はスミスさんをよく知っています。
私はスミスさんが上手に日本語を話すことを知っています。
私はカナダ出身のその少女を知っています。
あなたは彼を知っていますか。
あなたはスミスさんが先週からずっと病気で寝ているのを知っていますか。
あなたは向こうで走っている少年を知っていますか。
彼はこの花の名前を知りません。
彼はスミスさんが2日前に日本に来たことを知りません。
彼はそれについて何も知りません。
Where does Mike live?
When are you going to leave for Tokyo?
Who is that tall man?
What is in this box?
How many classes do you have on Saturday?
How old is your father?
How long was Mike in Japan?
I don’t know where Lucy is.
I don’t know when she came to Japan.
I don't know what they are doing.
I don't know what sports you like.
Do you know how long he has been in Japan?
Do you know how many children Mr. Smith has?
Please tell me how old your school is.
I want to ask you who that man is.
I don’t know who broke the window.
Do you know where he bought the camera?
I don’t know how long they are going to stay here.
Do you know how many languages there are in the world?
Do you know what time Mike got up this morning?
I told him what I wanted to eat.
後置修飾
動名詞
動名詞
現在進行形
後置修飾
動名詞
動名詞
過去進行形
後置修飾
過去進行形
動名詞
動名詞
Speaking English is not easy for me.
Playing baseball is a lot of fun.
Writing a letter in English is difficult for me.
Traveling to the moon is my dream.
Collecting stamps is my hobby.
Reading a lot of good books is very important for you.
Learning French is very interesting to me.
Using a dictionary is necessary when you study English.
彼は日本食が好きです。
彼は歌うのが好きです。
日本茶はいかがですか。
散歩をしませんか。
彼はコートなしで外出した。
彼はさよならを言わないで部屋から外へ出ていった。
私たちはクリスマスを楽しみにしています。
私たちはあなたにお会いするのを楽しみにしています。
私は音楽に興味を持っています。
私は料理をすることに興味があります。
彼女は大きな犬をこわがった。
彼女は失敗をすることを恐れた。
× stop singingで、「歌うことをやめた」 stop to singだと「歌うために立ち止まる」となり、意味が変わってしまうので置き換え不可。 ちなみにsleepingは現在進行形
○ likeは後ろに不定詞も動名詞も取ることができる動詞
× 始めてもいないものを終えることはできないので不定詞に置き換え不可
○ startは後ろに不定詞も動名詞も取ることができる動詞
× すでにしているからこそenjoyできるので、不定詞に置き換え不可
○ beginは後ろに不定詞も動名詞も取ることができる動詞
○ 目的語ではなく、補語として使われているだけなので、名詞的用法がある不定詞でも置き換え可能
× without ～ingの形で「～することなしに」
We enjoyed listening to music after dinner.
Swimming in this river is dangerous.
Learning a foreign language is important.
I went to bed without doing my homework yesterday.
私はジョンを知っています。
私は魚のつり方を知っています。
私は彼がテニスが上手なことを知っている。
私は大学でフランス語を学んだ。
私はコンピュータの使い方を学んだ。
駅へ行く道を教えてください。
次にどこへ行くべきか教えてください。
how to swim
how to play
how to cook
how to make
how to build
how to read
how to go
I know how to write a letter in English.
I know how to use this machine.
My little brother knows how to use a telephone.
My sister knows how to make tempur
Do you know how to play that old organ?
I didn’t know what to say at that time.
Do you know when to start?
Please tell me what to do for him.
I don’t know what to give (to) my mother on her birthday.
Do you know where to go to meet him?
Do you know which to buy?
(I want) to learn how to use a computer.
(He didn't) know what to buy (for) his daughter.
(He showed) us how to use the machine.
(Please tell) me what to read.
(Do you know) which bus to take?
(Could you tell me) how to get to the station?
I want to learn how to play the piano.
Do you know how to use this computer?
I didn’t know what to do then.
Do you know when to start the work?
She asked me to help her.
I want you to go there with me.
My father told me to clean the room.
I asked her to bring me a cup of coffee.
Do you want me to help you?
told us to read
want them to help
asked him to open
tells me to get
wants me to be [become]
told me to wait
asked me to come
I asked him to open the window.
He asked me to take care of his dog.
She asked Mike to help her with her homework.
Jane asked me to write to her.
Mike asked her to show him a picture of her family.
Our teacher told us to be kind to the new students.
My father told me to drive carefully.
My mother told me to come home early.
He told us to listen to him carefully.
I asked Mike to help me with my homework.
I want you to meet my father.
My father told me to help my mother.
Mike asked me to lend him the book.
Our teacher told us to study English every day.
To speak good Japanese is not easy.
To write a letter in English is difficult for me.
To play baseball is a lot of fun.
To collect stamps is my hobby.
To travel to the moon is our dream.
To have a dream will give you hope for the future.
It is difficult for me to speak good English.
It is not easy for me to cook fish.
It is easy for me to play the guitar.
It is interesting for me to grow roses.
It is not easy for me to drive a car.
It is difficult for Mike to write Japanese.
b).To c).It, for, to
b).To c).It, for, to
b).To c).It, for, to
b).To c).It, for, to
b).To c).It, for, to
It is difficult for my brother to read this book.
It is dangerous for little children to swim here.
It is not good for your eyes to watch TV too long.
It is necessary for us to study English.
It is impossible for me to finish the work in a day.
Is it interesting for you to learn Japanese history?
It will not be easy to learn a foreign language in a few years.
私の父は私に本をくれた。
私の父は私をノブと呼ぶ。
彼女は私に自分のアルバムを見せた。
彼女は自分の子どもをユミと名づけた。
加藤さんは自分の娘に服を作ってやった。
加藤さんは自分の娘を教師にした。
We are going to name the dog Shiro.
We call the gm Beth.
What do you call this flower in English?
My father will make my brother a doctor.
We call the boy Ken.
What did they name the dog?
She will [is going to] make her daughter a teacher.
What do you call this bird?
私の弟はきのう模型飛行機を作った。
私の母は私に新しい服を作ってくれた。
佐藤さんは息子を医者にした。
その知らせは彼女を悲しませた。
あなたはその本を1週間持っていてもよい。
彼はたくさんの牛を飼っている。
彼女は毎日日記をつけている。
d.窓を開けておきなさい。
Don't make the dog angry.
What made him sad?
Keep the room warm for the sleeping baby.
The news will make him happy.
You always have to keep your room clean.
Don’t keep the door open.
My sister always keeps her room clean.
He made his parents happy.
あなたか私のどちらかがそこへ行かなければならない。
私は英語もフランス語も話せない。
彼女は今，奈良か京都にいる。
ボブと私は両方ともアメリカ人だ。
彼はフランス語を話すことも書くこともできる。
so, that
so, that
so, that, cannot
so, that，couldn’t
so, that, couldn’t
as soon as
As soon as
As soon as
このお茶は熱すぎて飲めない。
私はとてもいそがしくて買物に行けない。
彼はとても疲れているのでこれ以上歩けない。
私はとても興奮して眠れなかった。
この本はとてもむずかしいので私には読めない。
I was too hungry to walk.
She is too busy to take care of her child.
I was too surprised to speak.
The car ran too fast to stop,
I am too busy to see you.
She was too tired to do her homework.
It was too cold to sleep last night.
私の父は私に彼のコンピュータを使わせてくれました。
私たちはその少年にそのドアを開けさせませんでした。
彼女はあなたに彼女の写真を撮らせましたか。
いい子でいなさい，そうすれば私はあなたにテレビを見させてあげます。
My brother let me drive his car.
Let me introduce myself.
Don’t let your sister be alone.
Are your parents going to let you travel abroad?
Let us use this room.
He let me take one more picture.
My brother didn’t let her do the jo
私は彼らが部屋を掃除するのを手伝いました。
私が宿題をするのを手伝ってくれませんか。
私は彼らが皿を洗うのを手伝いませんでした。
あなたは生徒たちがその問題を解くのを手伝うつもりですか。
I helped Tom carry the desk.
Can you help me clean the kitchen?
Who helped you look for your watch?
I’ll help my mother water the flowers.
This dictionary will help you read English newspapers.
Please help me carry these bags.
I helped the old man get off the bus.
He will help his mother use the computer.
Did the girl help you get to the museum?
Who helped your sister cook dinner?
もしあなたが彼の電話番号を知っているなら，彼に電話してください。
もし私が彼の電話番号を知っていれば，彼に電話できるのに。
もしあなたがペンを持っているなら，ここにあなたの名前を書いてください。
もしあなたにお兄さん〔弟〕がいたら，彼と何をしますか。
lived, could
had, would
would, knew
could, had
If I had more money, I could buy that car.
If I knew how to get to the museum, I would take you there.
If you had sisters, what would you like to do with them?
もしひまなら，私を手伝ってください。
もしひまなら，私はあなたを手伝うことができるのですが。
もしあす晴れたら，あなたは何をしますか。
もし今晴れていれば，泳ぎに行けるのですが。
were, could
were not, could
were, would, do
were, would be
were, could go
were, would play
were, could see
If I were you, I would buy this bag.
If I were not tired, I could go to the zoo with you.
If you were five years younger, what would you do?
If I were good at singing, I could sing in front of many people.
私が宇宙飛行士ならいいのに。
私が上手に踊れたらいいのに。
カナダに友達がいればいいのに。
wish, knew
wish, had
wish, were
wish, could
wish, were
I wish I were free today.
I wish I could play the piano as well as you.
I wish I knew where the girl lives.
I wish it were sunny [fine] today.
I wish I could speak English better.
I wish you would come to my birthday party.
aren’t you
isn’t she
doesn’t he
were you
can they
haven’t you
won’t she
Aren’t, No, not
Isn’t，Yes, is
Won’t，Yes，will
Haven’t, No, haven’t
You got up early this morning, didn’t you?
Isn’t that boy your classmate?